The Importance of Immunization

What is immunization?

Immunisation describes the process whereby people are protected against illness caused by infection with micro-organisms (formally called pathogens). The term vaccine refers to the material used for immunisation, while vaccination refers to the act of giving a vaccine to a person.

A vaccine usually contains an agent resembling a disease-causing bacteria. When this biological preparation is injected into your body, your immune system recognizes the agent and destroys it. However, your immune system remembers the agent and next time, when the actual microbe attacks you, it safeguards you against the disease. Vaccines are usually made from the toxins of the killed or weakened microorganism.

Some Immunization facts:

• Immunization saves 3 million lives every year.
• More than 1 million infants and young children all over the world die every year from rotavirus diarrhoea and pneumococcal disease. Both of these diseases can be prevented through vaccination.
• The global measles mortality rate has reduced by 74%. This has been possible due to intense campaigns for vaccination worldwide.
• Thanks to extensive vaccination drives, the cases of Polio have decreased by more than 99%. According to the World Health Organisation, only three countries in the world are now polio-endemic. It includes Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria.
• As per UNICEF, if all children were vaccinated with the existing vaccines, at least 25 million lives could be saved between 2011 and 2020.
• With the exception of drinking water, no other human undertaking can equal the impact immunization has had in reducing infectious diseases mortality – not even antibiotics
• Immunization reduces mortality, morbidity, reduces direct and indirect medical costs.
• Flu vaccine has led to a 70% decline in hospitalizations.
• Hepatitis B vaccines have caused a drop in the incidence of liver cancer

The World Health Organisation is driving a Global Vaccine Action Plan (GAVP) that aims to prevent deaths due to diseases that can be prevented through vaccination. Under this plan, the organization is working towards increasing the access to vaccinations, thereby increasing the percentage of coverage. By 2020, all the countries are aiming to increase vaccination coverage by 90% nationally. Vaccination is a major step towards the prevention of infectious disease.

Important Reasons to Vaccinate Your Child

1. Vaccination protects children from serious illness and complications of vaccine-preventable diseases which can include amputation of an arm or leg, paralysis of limbs, hearing loss, convulsions, brain damage, and death.
2. Vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles, mumps, and whooping cough, are still a threat.
3. If children aren’t vaccinated, they can spread the disease to other children who are too young to be vaccinated or to people with weakened immune systems, such as transplant recipients and people with cancer. This could result in long-term complications and even death for these vulnerable people.
4. Vaccination is very safe and effective. Vaccines are only given to children after a long and careful review by scientists, doctors, and healthcare professionals. Vaccines will involve some discomfort and may cause pain, redness, or tenderness at the site of injection but this is minimal compared to the pain, discomfort, and trauma of the diseases these vaccines prevent.
5. Vaccines have reduced and, in some cases, eliminated many diseases that killed or severely disabled people just a few generations ago. For example, smallpox vaccination eradicated that disease worldwide..
6. Getting immunized costs less than getting treated for the diseases that the vaccines protect you from.
7. If exposure to a disease occurs in a community, there is little to no risk of an epidemic if people have been immunized.

Adult immunization

Vaccinations aren’t just for children.
Adults need them too at times, depending on factors such as age, health conditions, travel plans and personal vaccination record.

India needs substantial improvement and awareness in adult vaccination. The government of India as well as the WHO consider childhood vaccination as the leading priority. However, there is no focus on adult immunization which also is the most ignored part of healthcare services in India. Adult vaccination coverage in India is negligible.

Adults can be vaccinated for a range of diseases such as swine flu, typhoid, hepatitis, tetanus and pneumonia. Vaccines such as hepatitis A and B, pneumococcal and meningococcal meningitis, rabies, human papillomavirus vaccine and tetanus are the most common vaccinations given in India.
The guidelines to get vaccinations in India are not as strict as in the UK or the US. People over 50 years, or those who are more susceptible to infections, are usually asked to go for vaccinations

Travel immunizations

It is important to take vaccines as precautions while travelling to certain countries. For example, yellow fever vaccination is needed by Indians travelling to African countries. We don’t have yellow fever in India yet – but the country has all the favourable parameters for it to thrive quite well. So if someone from India travels to Africa, contracts the disease and returns to India, they can spread the disease. Similarly, vaccinations against tuberculosis, typhoid and meningococcal meningitis are required if you travel to the US or European countries.

Know more about vaccines, consult our doctors at Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital. Please consult our Adult immunization clinic and our Centre for Mother and Child for child vaccines, please refer below link for more details:

https://www.kokilabenhospital.com/departments/clinicsatkh/adultimmunizationclinic.html

https://www.kokilabenhospital.com/departments/centresofexcellence/centrefor_motherchild.html

The liver is an organ about the size of a football that sits just under your rib cage on the right side of your abdomen. It is an unsung hero. Every day it works hard to clear the waste products and toxins your body produces, or takes in. It takes up these waste products from your bloodstream, breaks them down and sends them down your bile duct, in a liquid called bile, into your intestine. This bile helps with digestion. Your liver also controls some infections and helps your blood clot properly.

Take small steps to improve your liver health. Following a healthy diet is one of the most important things to do along with regular physical activity. There should be a reduction in carbohydrates and total calories which can lead to improvements in the fat stored in the liver. The idea is to skip high fat high sugar diet.

What are Liver Functions?

The liver has a multitude of important and complex functions. Some of these functions are to:

• Manufacture (synthesize) proteins.
• Synthesize, store, and process (metabolize) fats, including fatty acids (used for energy) and cholesterol.
• Metabolize and store carbohydrates.
• Form and secrete the bile juice.
• Eliminate, by metabolizing and/or secreting, the potentially harmful biochemical products produced by the body.
• Detoxify, by metabolizing and/or secreting, drugs, alcohol, and environmental toxins.

What happens in a Liver disease?

The yellow tinge of jaundice is caused by the build-up of a substance called bilirubin in your bloodstream. It’s produced when your red blood cells, which only ‘live’ for about three months, are broken down. If the cells of your liver are inflamed, or if the exit to your bowel through your bile duct is blocked, it can cause jaundice.

Cirrhosis is a serious condition where the healthy tissue in your liver is replaced with scar tissue. An earlier change is called ‘fatty liver’.

Signs and symptoms of liver disease include:

• Skin and eyes that appear yellowish (jaundice)
• Abdominal pain and swelling
• Swelling in the legs and ankles
• Itchy skin
• Dark urine color
• Pale stool color, or bloody or tar-colored stool
• Chronic fatigue
• Nausea or vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Tendency to bruise easily

Causes of liver disease:

Parasites and viruses can infect the liver, causing inflammation that reduces the liver function. The viruses that cause liver damage can be spread through blood or semen, contaminated food or water, or close contact with a person who is infected. The most common types of liver infection are hepatitis viruses, including:

• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C

Immune system abnormality

Diseases in which your immune system attacks certain parts of your body (autoimmune) can affect your liver. Examples of autoimmune liver diseases include:

• Autoimmune hepatitis
• Primary biliary cirrhosis
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Genetics

An abnormal gene inherited from one or both of your parents can cause various substances to build up in your liver, resulting in liver damage. Genetic liver diseases include:

• Hemochromatosis
• Hyperoxaluria and oxalosis
• Wilson’s disease
• Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Cancer and other growths

Examples include:

• Liver cancer
• Bile duct cancer
• Liver adenoma

Other

Additional, common causes of liver disease include:

• Chronic alcohol abuse
• Fat accumulating in the liver (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease)

Liver disease can be inherited (genetic) or caused by a variety of factors that damage the liver, such as viruses and alcohol use. Obesity is also associated with liver damage. Over time, damage to the liver results in scarring (cirrhosis), which can lead to liver failure, a life-threatening condition.

Some preventive measures:

• Drink alcohol in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
• Avoid risky behaviour. Get help if you use illicit intravenous drugs, and don’t share needles used to inject drugs. Use a condom during sex. If you choose to have tattoos or body piercings, be picky about cleanliness and safety when selecting a shop.
• Get vaccinated. If you’re at increased risk of contracting hepatitis or if you’ve already been infected with any form of the hepatitis virus, talk to your doctor about getting the hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines.
• Use medications wisely. Take prescription and non-prescription drugs only when needed and only in recommended doses. Don’t mix medications and alcohol.
• Avoid contact with other people’s blood and body fluids. Hepatitis viruses can be spread by accidental needle sticks or improper cleanup of blood or body fluids.
• Take care with aerosol sprays. Make sure the room is ventilated, and wear a mask when spraying insecticides, fungicides, paint and other toxic chemicals. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
• Protect your skin. When using insecticides and other toxic chemicals, wear gloves, long sleeves, a hat and a mask.
• Maintain a healthy weight. Obesity can cause non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Consult our Hepato Pancreato Biliary department for any liver related complications. Please see below link for more details:

https://www.kokilabenhospital.com/departments/clinicaldepartments/hepatopancreatobiliary.html

7th April has been dedicated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as the World health day. The day witnesses various events held worldwide to spread the message of good health and promote best health care practices. Each year there is a different theme declared and everyone works around it to spread the message of good health.

World Health Day celebrations across the world focus on increasing the life expectancy of people. The day is aimed at promoting healthier living habits through efforts from doctors, NGOs and students various media.

This year’s theme, Universal health coverage (UHC) is about health for all. The theme aims to ensure that all people get the quality health services they need, without experiencing financial hardship. A lot needs to be done in India to ensure that there are sufficient medicines, health policies, financing strategies to enable everyone to get access to equal healthcare. “Universal” in UHC means “for all”, without discrimination, leaving no one behind.

Here are some facts and figures about Healthcare:

• At least half of the world’s people are currently unable to obtain essential health services.
• Almost 100 million people are being pushed into extreme poverty, because they have to pay for health services out of their own pockets.
• Over 800 million people (almost 12 percent of the world’s population) spend at least 10 percent of their household budgets on health expenses for themselves, a sick child or other family member. They incur so-called “catastrophic expenditures”.

We are listing down some essential health tips which help you lead a healthy life:

• Never skip breakfast – It is the most important meal of the day and fuels your entire day. Plan your breakfast in advance and ensure that you have a nutritious one.
• Aim for fiber – Eating more fiber allows you to feel more satisfied while stabilizing blood-sugar levels and curbing hunger pangs. Diets high in fiber have been linked to lower bodyweight, decreased disease risk and improved longevity.
• Hygiene – Maintain hygiene in all your daily activities like bathing, brushing, cooking as well as in your homes and workplaces.
• Stay hydrated – Your body needs adequate water to function well, always stay hydrated. Water regulates your body temperature and lubricates your joints. It helps transport nutrients to give you energy and keep you healthy.
• Take care of your bones – Get your daily calcium by taking a medicine, having milk or eating yoghurt. It’ll keep your bones strong. Remember that your bone density declines after the age of 30. You need at least 200 milligrams daily, which you should combine with magnesium, or it simply won’t be absorbed.
• Stay tobacco free – Any kind of tobacco is harmful for you. Do not start and quit if you are addicted to tobacco. Apart from causing heart diseases and cancer it also  accelerates bone density loss and constricts blood flow.
• Limit your alcohol intake – Heavy drinking is linked to serious health problems and diseases including bowel cancer, high blood pressure, stroke and liver disease.
• Keep stress in check – Give yourself a break. Take time to relax and unwind when under stress. It’s important to treat your body well, practise deep breathing to relax yourself in stressful times.
• Wash your hands – It may sound very simple, but not all follow this basic hygiene method. Make it a habit to wash your hands with soap and water before and after meals and after using the washroom too.
• Get enough sleep – Poor sleep can reduce your physical and mental performance. It is also one of the strongest individual risk factors for future weight gain and obesity.
• Maintain a healthy diet  – The key is not to count every calorie, but to simply be mindful of what you are putting into your body. Lean meats, leafy greens, nutritious grains, fruits and vegetables are highly nutritious. Eat more plants.
• Regular health checkups – Make yearly age appropriate health checkups a part of your daily routine. Timely diagnosis help finding and treating diseases early.
• Be mosquito free – Keep your home and surroundings clean and dry devoid of any stagnant water. Take precautions to avoid mosquito bites by using repellents when stepping out.
• Physical activity – Dedicate 30 minutes per day to physical activity. Apart from the fitness benefits it will also help boost your mood and your energy for the rest of the day.
• Keep your brain busy – Take care of your brain health by practising puzzles, games, brain teasers. It helps your brain stay sharp and protects you against Alzheimer’s.
• Socialize – Social relationships are incredibly important. Not only for your mental wellbeing, but for your physical health as well. Studies suggest that people who are close with friends and family are healthier and live much longer than those who are not.
• Choose fresh food instead of Junk food – All the processed junk foods are the biggest reason for obesity. They are low in fiber, protein and micronutrients, but high in unhealthy ingredients like added sugar and refined grains.
• Say No to excess sugar – Choose your foods wisely. Added sugars contain a whole bunch of calories with NO essential nutrients. Sugar is also very bad for the teeth, because it provides easily digestible energy for the bad bacteria in the mouth.
• Eat Probiotic Foods – Probiotic foods like yogurt are highly beneficial for your gut and help boost your immunity, mental health and digestion.
• Get some sunshine – Ensure that your body gets enough sunlight or take supplements if needed. In addition to mood, Vitamin D helps with cholesterol levels, hormone balance, and so much more.

Summer has arrived in all its glitz and glory and it brings with it soaring temperatures and an insatiable craving for ice-creams! While it is alright to give in to these cravings once in a while, what one needs to remember is that having fruits is what will keep you healthy and hydrated during this season.

We’ve compiled a list of 5 summer fruits and their mind-blowing benefits. Take a look!

Pear

While apples are regarded as a superfood, pears shouldn’t be left far behind. Not many are aware that a single Pear has more fibre than an apple, comparable Vitamin C and just a little more carbs and calories. Pears are great for the overall health of your body. In addition to controlling blood sugar levels, this fab fruit also aides in digestion and boosts your immune system.

Sweet Lime

Sweet Lime, also known as Mosambi, is a rich source of Vitamin C. The acids in this fruit helps flush out toxins from your bowel tract. If you’re prone to constipation, this is one fruit you should have on a regular basis as it contains a high amount of dietary fibre. The juice of Sweet Lime has the ability to keep you cool while you face the blazing heat of summer which is why it is a must-have.

Watermelon

Watermelon has 92% water content and it is rich with a variety of nutrients! Each juicy bite that you take of this fruit has significant levels of Vitamins A, B6 and C. What’s more? This quintessential summer fruit is also fat-free! Recent studies have found that watermelon seeds are wonderfully nutritious too, that is, they are high in potassium, magnesium and Vitamin B.

Papaya

Next on this list is Papaya. This one is considered to be an all-round summer fruit. In addition to soothing sunburn and reducing tan, Papaya also lowers blood pressure and aides in digestion. You can eat it, apply it on your skin and even make a hair pack of it! It’s also a great fruit to include in your weight loss diet!

Mango

This list would be incomplete without the ultimate summer fruit that children as well as adults wait for all year long! Mangoes taste so good that people often forget that they have several health benefits too. You can mix the juice of green mango with water and add a sweetener to cool down your body and prevent harm from heat. What’s more? Vitamins A and C in this fruit helps keep your immune system healthy and strong!

The above-mentioned fruits are not only healthy to consume, but also a delight for your taste buds! Have more to add to this list? We’d love to know in the comments below.

Day 4

Unfortunately today didn’t go our way. It was always going to be a huge challenge facing the world no.1 in the first round, but obviously that’s sport, sometimes you come up against the toughest competition out there. Ideally this would have happened in a later round with a little rhythm under the belt, but the draw was never in our hands.

The other sure fact in sport is that there always has to be a loser. So the week didn’t go our way result-wise, but from my side, I was happy that Saina felt physically good on the court. After the 5-6 weeks of rehab leading up to this tournament, it’s a small victory to come out of the other side without any aggravation of what has been a chronic string of injuries for Saina stretching back to August 2016. And as I’ve said, the progress she has made from 6 weeks ago can only be a positive leading up to Commonwealth Games.

The game itself was a good one to watch. The first game didn’t start out as well as Saina would have liked, but the second game was very positive. As usual, there are generally a number of factors involved in the overall performance. Having chatted to Saina after the game, she felt her movement was better than it has been, but maybe the fact that we had to focus on rehab, she maybe didn’t get to do enough high intensity training in the build up.

So we’ll take the positives out of the week and move forward with the next goal in mind. Saina was always getting stronger, but now we can work more on speed, agility and conditioning.

Until next time.